Computer Crimes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer Crimes - Research Paper Example Consumers have their own personal data and they have their own personal communication taking place on the computer through the internet. Computer viruses and hacking programs tend to affect all these innocent victims and they become helpless in all these situations. They lose their confidential data and at times many organizations may lose their back up data and end up in many official and organizational level problems. Credit transaction information can be hacked easily by professional hackers and it causes huge losses to the consumers, companies and as well as government agencies. Government agencies have their own official transactions taking place on the computers and they transfer their information through the internet as well. When these various types of computer crimes are taking place it affects the government and at times may affect the country as well. All these innocent victims tend to get targeted in a serious manner when computer crimes are taking place. There are many computer manufacturing companies that are operating around us. These computer companies while manufacturing the computers are not able to develop programs that may protect the computers from the hackers. The hackers are always up with new types of programs and viruses that tend to affect the computer users and cause a lot of damage to them. The computer manufacturers are not able to have programs that show evidence of tracking down the hackers in a fast mode. It is extremely difficult to trace the hackers from where they have operated the viruses or hacked the computers of all the innocent people and organizations. The computer manufacturers are not able to develop programs that can protect their valuable users from the various computer crimes that are taking place in the society. Any user that is using the computer and the internet are prone to be attacked by hackers and various types of viruses. The antivirus

The Baha'i Faith Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Baha'i Faith - Research Paper Example (Hartz, 2009, p. 6) The Baha’i Faith is said to be the youngest religions of all. It originated in Persia (now Iran) in less than two hundred years ago. It originated as a small local religious movement. It comprises of diverse groups of people belonging to varied religions, nationality, creed, ethnic background etc. (Hartz, 2009, p. 6) It developed out of Babi religion. Babi was a movement within Shi’i Islam. The Shi’i Muslims believe that a series of twelve Imams from the Prophet’s own family are the deserving successors of Prophet Muhammad. According to this belief, those twelve Imams were only eligible to rule the Islamic world and were true divine instruments of divinely transmitted knowledge. Shi’i Islam continues to uphold the Islamic Theosophical philosophy; later developed the Shaykhi school of Shi’i theosophy. They in turn followed the teachings of Ahmad al-Ahsa (1753-1826). His teachings were continued by Sayyid Kazim. Both of them served as true messengers of God for people who craved to know the truth and to seek God. They served as divine instruments to interpret and reveal various esoteric teachings to the deserving followers. With the death of Sayyid Kazim, arose the Babi movement centering the ‘Bab’ out of a deep succession crisis (Smith, 2008, pp. 3- 5). After a prolonged series of events, over the years, the ‘Bab’ emerged out to be a very prominent leader and in 1844 he claimed that he had a deep revelation from God and that he knew the divine truth. Many people followed him. However, the Muslim religious leaders of Persia executed the Bab and also killed many of his followers because they felt threatened by this movement. Finally, Baha’u’llah was the person who gave Baha’i Faith its special significance and shaped its moral values. He was one of the early followers of the Bab but his contribution is considered to be far

Marketing Strategy Coffee-Mate

Marketing Strategy Coffee-Mate 1.0 Introduction Aim Coffee-mate, a popular retailed non-dairy creamer manufactured and owned by Nestle (A Swiss multinational food and beverage company). Being part of Nestle is one of the reason behind the successful branding of Coffee-mate, Nestle provide value-added advantages that differs Coffee-mate from its peers. Coffee-Mate has developed 29 flavours of creamers, customers can enjoy them in different forms in the wide range of: Powder, Liquid, Sugar-free and reduced fat (Coffee-mate, 2014). These comprehensive varieties of flavours offer Coffee-mate unrivalled product options which satisfy their customers’ expectations. ‘Coffee-mate kind of lifts the flavour. It makes a richer, better-tasting cup of coffee, whether it be an instant or a real one.’ (Coffee-mate article, 2014). The huge customer base could be an opportunity for Coffee-mate to target and capture their market; or a thread if Coffee-mate targeted the market wrongly. This report will be presented according to the ma rket segmentation of Coffee-mate, following by evaluating and analysing the TGI’s consumer survey in terms of target market attractiveness of Coffee-mate. 2.0 Market Segmentation Broad Narrow (Figure 1) Market segmentation is a process of dividing the whole market for a product or service into segments with different and unique characteristics (Hartline F, 2011). By referring to Figure 1, Market targeting can be implemented at different stages: Broad (Mass-marketing), Narrow (Micro-marketing) or in between (Concentrated marketing). In this subtitle will evaluate the market targeting strategies and recommend the best strategy according to Coffee-mate current situation. 2.1 Mass-marketing (Targeting one segment) If Coffee-mate chooses to use mass-marketing, which means it will be ignoring the entire market segments’ characteristics and choose to target the whole market with only one product type (Hartline F, 2011). If so, Coffee-mate will lose the market share generated by their extended product, Coffee-mate Lite (Article, 2014). It is most likely to be impossible for Coffee-mate to develop a product to fit into all the segments because each segments has their own unique characteristics. Also, Coffee-mate might be facing more competitive peers with a more product-focused and tailored marketing strategy (Micro-marketing). Micro-marketing only aims at one segment where the company will try to customize its product to fit the customer perfectly, which can be considered as a thread for Coffee-mate if it is implementing the mass-marketing strategy which aims the market segments broadly. Consequently, Coffee-mate will lose its competitiveness; relatively lose its market dominance. 2.2 Concentrated Marketing (Targeting multiple segments) Differentiated marketing allows Coffee-mate to target few large and potential sub segments with one or more than one product (Hartline F, 2011). Coffee-mate should choose to target multiple segments by implementing differentiated marketing strategy, in order to increase their profitability and its possible for them to gain more market dominance it’s achieved in previous times (55%). In details, Coffee-mate and Coffee-mate Lite should have targeted different segments according to to customers age, income level, social status etc. It was given that the coffee-mate and coffee-mate lite act as a complement goods to coffee, they both are undergoing a change in parallel. Through observation wise, National Food Survey (N/A) suggested that households will keen to spend more on coffee if they are earning high income and old pensioners spent most among the customers (Exhibit 10.3). Additionally, childless households are the most intense coffee drinkers (Exhibit 10.4). Therefore, Coffee- mate should target the high income, old pensioners and childless segment. In order to perform a more precise and efficient market targeting, Coffee-mate should target its Coffee-mate and Coffee-mate Lite into separate market segment. The National Food Survey (N/A) stated that there is a slightly skew of heavy Coffee-mate buyers towards the characteristics of: lower social class, aged 45+ and 2-3 person households with children. Whereas, the Coffee-mate Lite users have a slight bias towards 45-64 year-olds, full-time working housewives and households without children. Health concern like fat intake has been raising the awareness of customers. Consequently, some customers might be reluctant to add creamer to coffee. Therefore, Coffee-mate Lite can be segmented for customers who are most likely yo be concerned with their health levels. From all information and observations, it is concluded that Coffee-mate should aim at multiple segment. 3.0 Evaluation of TGI’s user survey TGI’s User Survey covered instant/ground coffee and powdered milk/coffee creamer, market yielded five potential consumer groups for Coffee-mate. As aforementioned, Coffee-mate should choose to aim to serve multiple segments. Hence, this part of the report will aim to evaluate the attractiveness of these 5 potential segments that TGI surveyed. It is also aim to recommend the best segment for Coffee-mate to target. Total Sample Proportion of TGI’s User Survey 3.1 Segment 1 – Experimentalists The experimentalists can be considered as younger group which are keen to pay for luxurious products. In fact, Coffee-mate positions itself as ‘Indulgence’. Therefore, the strong branding of Coffee-mate through Nestle could help it to gain brand loyalty, by changing the buying behaviour of the experimentalists towards Coffee-mate. Additionally, users of creamer like the experimentalists are likely to replace their consumption from cream to Coffee-mate because they are considered as substitute goods. 3.2 Segment 2 Cost Constrained, Older, Conservative People in the cost constrained, older and conservative group are more sensitive to the variation of the price. When come to purchasing, the demand would be more price elastic, they would ignore the brand and price will be their first concern. In result, they would buy cheaper competitor brands. Furthermore, they are not really a user of Coffee-mate. Consequently, for Coffee-mate, this segment is not worth targeting due to a low brand loyalty and high possibility of substitution effect. 3.3 Segment 3 – Affluent, Young Foodies The affluent, young foodies are the people who prefer healthier diet; they are willing and affordable to pay more for that. These people claimed to use Coffee-mate often and also cream consumers. Consequently, the Sarah and Anna group would be the potential customer based for Coffee-mate. In addition, Coffee-mate Lite would be the best product to sell them since it is healthier and lower fat. 3.4 Segment 4 – Cost Constrained, Young Families ‘Dawn and Lisa’ group is severely constrained by their low income. They are not health conscious, indeed they have a mind-set of frozen food is as nutritious as fresh foods. Hence, they tend to buy own-label goods cause of the cheaper price they offer. Cost Constrained, young families never use cream. Thus, Coffee-mate should not set them as a targeted segment because they are improbable to use its product. 3.5 Segment 5 – Affluent The ‘Dorothy and Amy’ group of consumer has been considered as the people that are most likely to buy Coffee-mate’s product. However, advertising of Coffee-mate could be hard to reach them as they have low media awareness and they found ads are not entertaining. If Coffee-mate wants to aim this segment, Coffee-mate Lite would be the best product to serve them. Yet, they are fairly traditional, might tend to use milk or real cream as a complement to their coffee. 4.0 Recommendations Based on the TGI’s User Survey, the ‘Affluent, young foodies’ and ‘Experimentalists’ are the most potential group for Coffee-mate to target and they all fit into Coffee-mate’s strengths. The reasons behind the targeted segment are because they have interesting characteristics: Affluent, young foodies fit into Coffee-mate strengths: Middle Social Class Light Media awareness High Grocery expenditure High Income level (Afford to pay) According to the study, ‘Affluent, young foodies’ shared a sample proportion of 24.4% throughout the survey. They could be the potential customers for Coffee-mate because they are heavy users of instant coffee and cream. Coffee-mate has to use some traditional advertising to reach these customers because they are light users of media, in this sense, Coffee-mate could save some advertising cost in this segment. Affluent, young foodies tend to try new products, this push Coffee-mate a better position. However, the only drawback is they are very health conscious. Chealth (2014) stated that calling a ‘non-dairy’ creamer is not always true and non-dairy creamers makers tend to add extra ingredients to mimic the qualities of milk which will boost consumers’ calorie count. Marketing means persuading, Coffee-mate needs advertise their product in a healthier aspect to give Coffee-mate a healthier image. After all, the ‘Sarah and Anna – Affluent, y oung foodies’ still the most potential and lucrative segment to target by considering all the characteristics. Experimentalist fit into Coffee-mate strengths: High Media Awareness Middle income Heavy User of Coffee Experimentalist shared a 15.4% of sample proportion of the survey. They are considered as the same age group as the ‘Affluent, young foodies’, but they have some unique characteristics of: Materialistic, Fashionable and stylish. Experimentalist has high media awareness; therefore Coffee-mate could advertise their product by using celebrity. In result, it could be more reachable to this segment of customers because they will just buy it because the popular celebrity does. Advertising could take place by using multimedia advertising like Twitter, Facebook, Youtube ads and so on. 5.0 Summary This report was formed to evaluate the market segmentation of Coffee-mate with a further analysis and evaluation of the TGI’s User Survey for Coffee-mate. The report draws attention to the consumer behaviour from different groups, and how Coffee-mate should target it and which marketing strategies should Coffee-mate implemented. Furthermore, an evaluation of the TGI’s User Survey was taken into consideration to understand each and every different group of consumers’ behaviour. Last but not least, recommendations of the best segment to target were given to Coffee-mate: This will conclude that Coffee-mate should aim for the Experimentalist and Affluent, young foodies. 6.0 References BritishCoffeeAssociation (2014). British Coffee Association – Coffee Facts. [online] Available at: http://www.britishcoffeeassociation.org/about_coffee/coffee_facts/ [Accessed 15 November 2014]. CHealth (2014) CHealth: 7 Things You Need To Know About Non-dairy Coffee Creamer. [Online] Available at: http://chealth.canoe.ca/channel_section_details.asp?text_id=5709channel_id=44relation_id=48473 [Last Accessed 14 November 2014]. Coffee-mate. (2014). Products – All Flavours/Coffee-mate. [Online] Available at: https://www.coffee-mate.com/Products/Default.aspx#f1d167d0-4141-4bf8-9ee5-b09a8b15e76e [Last Accessed 10 November 2014] Hartline, F. (2011) Marketing Management Strategies. 5th ed. South –Western, Cengage Learning. Moodle. (2014). Coffee-Mate case study. [Online] Available at: https://moodle.kent.ac.uk/2014/pluginfile.php/196771/mod_resource/content/1/coffee_mate_case_study.pdf [Last accessed 14 November 2014].

Atomic Bomb In World War 2 :: essays research papers

Atomic Bomb in World War 2 During World War II the United States government launched a $2 billion project. This project, known as the Manhattan Project, was an effort to produce an atomic bomb. This project was taken on by a group atomic scientists from all over the world. The first atomic bomb was not tested at all. It was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945 killing over 80,000 people and almost completely leveling the entire city. It destroyed more than 4 square miles, or 60% of the city. The flash of the blast was so intense it discolored the pavement and left imprints on the ground cast by the shadows of building and people. By studying these shadows scientists pinpointed the exact detonation point of the bomb.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second atomic bomb was dropped just three days later on Nagasaki, Japan. 1/3 of the city was destroyed and 66,000 people were reported killed or injured. A memorial now marks the spot where the bomb exploded.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the initial blast the A-bomb released about 85% of its energy as intense heat followed by a supersonic shock wave that is felt as a highly destructive high pressure air blast, which can easily demolish tall buildings, not to mention people. After the initial blast radiation covers the area, causing people, animals, and structures to practically disintegrate. Even years afterwards people were still dying and having health problems related to the radiation they were exposed to long before.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There were many people that were strongly opposed to the using of nuclear weapons on Japan. But invading the is land instead of bombing would have taken perhaps 1 million us soldiers lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After 1945 the US made thousand of atomic bombs and a wide range of small size nuclear weapons like, land mines, missiles, and grenades. By 1965 the larger countries of the world had also developed atomic weapons.

Markerting Concept Coca Cola

This is assignment will require to explain the underlying principles behind the main marketing theories, it will also require an in-depth application, analysis and evaluation of a good or service that is currently available both in the UK market and in the international market. The Product that will be analyses within the assignment is The Coca Cola Company (CCC). [pic] â€Å"Business idea or philosophy based on the importance of profit, consumer satisfaction and the welfare of the general public. † [5] Collin, P (1997)The Coca Cola Company is one the biggest successful soft drink company that offers 3,500 various diverse products to over 200 countries worldwide. The company originated in 1889 by pharmacist Dr John Pemberton. Dr Pemberton carried out a jug of Coca Cola syrup at his Jacob Pharmacy in Atlanta USA. [3] Marketing Mix Marketing mix can be defined as the combination of elements in an organisation’s offering the market; ‘offerings’ being either pr oducts or service. These elements were identified as Product, Price, Place and Promotion in early versions of the mix. As result, they are known as the Four Ps. [pic] [1] (2008).Portfolio. Product The marketing mix combines many factors, but consumers view marketing effort in more tangible terms of the product. It is important for marketers to recognise that much of the ‘want-satisfying’ nature of the product is derived from consumers perceptions. The true nature of the product is how the consumer perceives it, and not what the company would like it to be. CCC product first started in 1886, when they were originally made as soda fountain drink. The company has now expanded over to 3,500 diverse product (see picture above). They offer a wide range product form soft drinks to tea drinks to bottle water.The typical famous packaging of red and white CCC products is a world recognised. The coca cola company is the most sold soft drink across worldwide. Its not only sold busi ness to business (b2b) such as sold in restaurants, pubs and convenience stores but also sold business to consumer (b2c) such as supermarkets, vending machines and other service shops. [3] Price Price is a potent element of the marketing mix because of its direct impact on customers, the company and the economy. To the consumer, price is a major indication of quality and an important factor in the decision making process.For CCC, the price at which the product is sold represents the means of recouping cost and making profit. There are various ways to price coca cola product, depending on the retailer. Supermarkets may put coca cola on promotion one week and then Pepsi the following, as they always like to stay one step ahead of their competition. It is a way to keep consumers on their toes. There is no set price for CCC, but usually the prices are based on growing rates. [8] p27 Place Place concerns activities need to move the product from the seller to the buyer and its origin is i n the word ‘placement’.The coca cola company sell their various products over numerous countries worldwide. They have more brand products than Pepsi, Tango RC Cola put together. Although coca cola produces the product, they cannot be held responsible how the products are distributed across the countries. They can only rely on the suppliers following the strict guidelines set out by coca cola. [8] p31 Promotion Promotion is perhaps the element of the marketing mix that is most subject to variation. For some product it may play a minimal role, but, for other, marketing strategy may be almost entirely based on promotion.In consumer markets, promotion often has the highest budget allocation of all mix elements. For this reason it receives much attention as a marketing function. CCC promotional strategies are to make the consumers think they have control over what they are drinking and accomplishing there needs of thirst. On each bottle, coca cola encourages consumers to go to their website to learn more about hydration, sweeteners and taste. In order to boost consumer usage, CCC have taken their product to foreign markets and increased their profit margin.This was also done as they had home market competitors such as Pepsi, going international will make there brand more recognisable. CCC believes in forceful advertisements, branding and market segmentation has been a big accomplishment to CCC. Since the early 70’s they have always exposed themselves as fun, loving, playful brand to have an international appeal. [8] p29 In 1887 Coupon were first made to promote coca cola [pic] [2] (2012). 125 years of sharing happiness Customer Relationship Management CCC cannot succeed or grow unless they can serve their customers with a better value proposition than the competition.Measuring customer loyalty can accurately appraise the weakness in CCC proposition and help to formulate improvements. In fact, attempting to measure customer satisfaction and facto ring research information on satisfaction studies into future marketing strategies is one of the fastest growing areas of marketing research. Customer care is fundamental to the concept in customer relationship management (CRM). High quality customer care is the key to achieving coca cola objective confronting all competitive firms trying to apply CRM principles, such as: ? Minimising customer turnover. Attracting new customers. ? Retaining customers over the long term. ? Improving profitability. ? Enhancing company image. ? Improving customer and employee satisfaction. With a strong CRM team, coco cola are still strong as ever, they evaluated every feedback they receive from their customers with shows they are always trying to meet the consumers needs by not only improving for the future but to keep up with the current trends. [8] p120-123 External Environmental Trading environment analysis requires CCC to look beyond its immediate market to its wider trading environment.One helpfu l abbreviation in analysing the trading environment is PEST. The initial letters stand for the Political, Economic, Social and Technological environment. The Political environment includes possible changes to law and regulation governing the markets in which coca cola is operating. Possible changes in government policy, such as new legislation or regulation of food and drinking products. Or even government involvement in labelling and advertisements. If all this was to be changed and affect coca cola, it will create more operating expense and reduce the profit margin.The Economic environment refers to trends in the world economy, and those in particular national market. CCC must be particularly to those that most affect its own business. As CCC is trading worldwide, the range of economic indicators, which it tracks, might include: ? Contracts with other soft drink industries. ? Maintain a Profitable investment in communities worldwide. ? The United Kingdom has recently experienced a n economic recession. This period of negative growth includes higher unemployment, inflation, and cost of living expenses while consumers are experiencing lower disposable income and purchasing power. CCC has been very successful in helping other nations grow and become economically stable by investing millions of Pounds back into the countries in which they are operating. The Social Environment refers to trend in the structure of society and in behaviour and is the focus of much of what is called market research. CCC have developed numerous products to suit consumer’s trends. For example, a lot of consumers are health conscious, so bringing out diet coke encouraged them to drink the brand. However, a lot of people saw the drink very girly so it soon was perceived as girls drink, as there’s no calories involved with the drink.Soon coca cola brought out Coke Zero, a similar drink but for men. It has now become one of the best selling drink worldwide. CCC are continuing to follow and keep updated with the product development and marketing for healthy choice obtainable. The Technological environment is that concerned with the use of raw materials, production processes and finished products, and particularly with innovation. Such as CCC is the soft drink industry; the development of a plastic material has reduced the use of glass bottle dramatically. CCC also have threats technological.For this, they implement more investments in their research department so they can progress monitoring of the sales, production and delivery process between themselves and other soft drink companies’. [7] p18-19 Purchase Decision There are three way of purchase decision for CCC: Straight re-purchase = this is the most frequent type of purchase. The consumer repeats – buys a CCC product purchased on previous occasion. This occurs most frequently in circumstances in which a consumer is loyal to a brand and is reluctant to try an alternative.Modified re-purc hase = this occurs when a consumer needs to change their behaviour. This might be because the habitual brand is out-of-stock and a near substitute is selected; it might be prompted by the changed needs of the consumer; it might be promoted by the updating of an existing product; it might be prompted by promotional activity by a competing product. New purchase = this refers to that category of purchase, which is being made for the first time. Here promotion plays a key role in stimulating demand for products, notifying consumer of their availability, and in reassuring consumer about their purchase. 7] p57 Competitive Environment The competitive environment affects the commercial prosperity of a company. Many UK manufactures in industries like steel and textile have experience intense competition from foreign product. Management team must be alert to potential threats from cheaper import or substitute products and establish exactly who their competitors are and the benefits they offer to the marketplace so they can compete more effectively. [8] p17 Two indicator of enormous importance to a management teams are market share and market growth.Market share is a term, which refers to the proportion of total sales for one product group, which is, enjoy by a particular brand. According to Stephen Page book to Induction to marketing CCC enjoyed 58 per cent share of the total sales of cola drink in the UK in 1992. According to Best Global Brand CCC is ranked number one, valued just over $71 Billion. Leaving their main competitors Pepsi ranked at number 22nd, only valued at $14 million. [6] Buyer Behaviour CCC needs to know when, where, how and why soft drinks are purchased.They need to know who is making the purchase and what factors influence those decisions. In particular, they examine buyer behaviour to look for patterns, which may give a clue to future behaviour, as well as explanation for the existence of those patterns. Buyer term refers not only to someone who is buying for own consumption, but also to anyone who buys on behalf of others. For example, it could be an adult of a household buying on behalf of a child. Buyer behaviour in business-to-business market is an area that has not been as well researched as consumer behaviour.First it is because these markets are often much smaller than consumer markets, and would not therefore justify the production of off-the-shelf data by commercial agencies. Hence not as much research has been undertaken. Secondly, industrial buying decision-maker has been more difficult to research and categories than consumer. However, interest is now growing in the subject. [7] p56 Market Segmentation Marketing segmentation is the analysis of total demand in a market into its constituent parts, so that different sets of consumers, with distinctive needs and behavior patterns, can be identified.Market segmentation is defined as: â€Å"The process of breaking down the total market for a product or service into dis tinct sub-group or segments, where each segment might represent a distinct target market to be reached with a distinctive marketing mix. † [8] Lancaster G & Reynolds P (2002). Marketing made simple p38 To improve opportunities for success in a competitive marketplace, marketers must focus their efforts on clearly defines market targets. The intention is to select those groups of customers that the company is best able to serve so that competitive pressure is minimized. The advantages of CCC target marketing are: Marketing opportunities and ‘gaps’ in a market may be more accurately identified and appraised. ? Product and market appeals can be more finely tuned to the needs of the potential customer. ? Marketing effort can be focused on the market segments that offer the greatest potential for the company to achieve its objective. Previously in the 1960s, CCC made only one soft drink and proposed it at the entire soft drink market. But now CCC offers thousands of di fferent products to market segments based on diverse consumer preferences for flavours and calorie and caffeine content. CCC offers established soft drinks.One can see the many dimensions of CCC product line and how specific the marketing mixes have to be to stay competitive among other businesses. [8] p39 Market Planning At one extreme are those that plan everything down to the smallest detail, and adhere rigidly to the plan document, even when it does not appear to be working, perhaps because the plan is based upon inaccurate information or incorrect assumption. In an ideal situation, the evolution of an organisation marketing strategy and tactics will be top-down, bottom-up process; that is, one, which involves staff at all, levels from director to office junior.It will be an integral part of the organisations operation, and not simply a panic reaction to a crisis. It will be flexible enough to permit immediately workable ideas to be put into practice, without waiting for the fin al plan to be drawn up. It should not be cast in tablets of stone; if circumstances change during implementation of the plan, then the plan must change to. [7] p232 International Marketing from Domestic Marketing Companies that only ten years ago might have identified their main competitor as major domestic rival are now just as likely to refer to an company inEurope, USA or the Far East. Some organization outgrew their home market years ago, and now make most of their money outside their original national boundaries, to that extent, Corporations like CCC have become almost stateless, owing no allegiance to any particular country: their markets are global. International marketing does not differ fundamentally from domestic marketing; the same principal are involved. It differs only in that overseas markets, being both further away and containing consumer from other cultures, pose a higher degree of risk than those of known markets.Successful entry into an overseas market thus requir es even greater care and attention to planning. Ironically, most company enters oversea markets because they have surplus production that they want to dispose of. If, however, a business cannot sell its products at home, it is unlikely to be able to do so internationally. There is world of difference between simple exporting, and a proper approach to international marketing. [7] p216-217 For CCC, selling oversea is attractive because it enlarges their market beyond the confines of the nation state.However, there are other benefits too, including: ? Opportunities for growth, higher earning and higher profits. ? The spreading of risk, by reducing dependency upon any one national market. ? The spreading of fix cost across increases sales. ? Competitors’ brand can be attacked in their own home market. ? An CCC competitive edge is sharpened, by it being required to compete with the best in the world. ? The contribution to CCC feel good factor if it succeeds. Conclusion CCC believe s to drive the brand to the fullest success it can go.It will adapt to any changes for new products if it requires to society and consumers Sometime for consumer product change is good for international marketing. It is vital that the right product is made to suit consumers’ preference. CCC soft drinks did not appeal to the Japanese market; this meant CCC produced a product that the Japanese, Asian market would prefer. This was Asian tea, English tea, coffee and fermented-milk drink. Coke zero was brought out for the attention of men who where health conscious. Coke zero sounded less feminine like diet coke.CCC has shown that they will continue altering, improving and producing new ideas to attract to local taste. The CCC are always one step ahead of their game with their marketing effort. This has led them to profit throughout the years of developing into a billion dollar company. Their belief of being the best soft drink company worldwide has been their biggest accomplishme nt. CCC are not only involved with the best advertisement and marketing soft drinks, but also a difference in every corner of the world in which they operate.The Coca-Cola Company strives to go beyond simple marketing and reach into the hearts and lives of consumers. Bibliography [1] (2008). Portfolio. Available: http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/citizenship/portfolio. html. Last accessed 25th Jan 2012. [2] (2012). 125 years of sharing happiness. Available: http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/heritage/pdf/Coca-Cola_125_years_booklet. pdf. Last accessed 1st Feb 201 [3] (2012). Heritage. Available: http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/heritage/ourheritage. html. Last accessed 1st Feb 2012. [4] (2012). Product Line. Available: http://www. hecoca-colacompany. com/brands/brandlist. html. Last accessed 1st Feb 2012 [5] Collin, P (1997). Dictionary of Marketing. 2nd ed. Middlesex: Peter Collins Publishing. p129 [6] Interbrand. (2011). Best Global Brand. Available: http://www. rankingth ebrands. com/The-Brand-Rankings. aspx? rankingID=37&year=368. Last accessed 1st Feb 2012. [7] Page, S (1995). Introductory Marketing. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes LTD. P18- 19, 40, 43,56-58, 72-76, 232-234 [8] Lancaster G & Reynolds P (2002). Marketing made simple. Oxford: Butterworth- Heinemann. P14-18, 27-31,38-39, 120-123

Essay on “Analyze, Don’t Summarize” by Michael Berube Essay

Berube analogize student’s essays and watching sports commentary on ESPN, because students tend to summarize in their essays instead of analyzing it. Berube uses an example as to what he is trying to explain that the world of sports is metacommentary and no one actually summarizes on how the game is being played. Instead they analyze, they just point out the important part of the game. In the tenth paragraph he quotes â€Å"Well, Tony let me point out that last night, the Red Sox swept the Tigers and crept to within three games of the Yankees.† And then he quotes that â€Å"†¦I’m just pointing out that the Sox won 3-1, on a four hitter by Schilling, while the Yanks blew another late-inning lead.† Page 304 Berube uses this comparison to explain that no one summarizes the sports because no one in the sports world confuses summaries with analyses, meaning that he discuss the importance of what a thesis should look like. He quotes that â€Å"†¦When I tell them that an observation is not a thesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he wants students to write a paper in which the thesis can be arguable and to bring to the public’s attention, just as sports commentary do; pointing out the essential parts of the game. Berube’s response to student’s writing is to â€Å"Assume a hypothetical readership composed of people who have already read the book. That means that you shouldn’t say â€Å"In class, we discussed the importance in the clam chowder in chapter five. But more important it means you don’t have to summarize the novel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Berube most convincing analogy would be when he quoted the Red Sox won 3-1with the Yankees. He gave two specific examples of what the difference of analyzing and summarizing. What he wants his papers look like. Well he uses the comparison with sports because what he wants his students to know that what he looks for is a paper that catches the pub lic’s attention. He wants main points just as commentators argue about when a game is being played. Berube’s least convincing analogy was when he says that â€Å"sport talks are nothing but an entire entourage of chattering parasites.† What did he really meant if this is what he is trying to compare with his student’s writings and sports. This is why sports monocommentary is supposed to be doing –arguing about the game not just â€Å"Chattering† like he says. The author expresses the difference between analyzing and summarizing simply by contradicting himself with the rest of the essay, because he mentioned he wants his papers to be arguable just as sports talks should be. Berube says  that sports talks’ analogy is useful simply as a handy way of distinguishing between summary and analysis. â€Å"When a student paper cites textual evidence so compelling and unusual that it makes me go back and read passage in a question (good!) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ he quotes and a â€Å"suggests that a novel conclusion fails to resolve the questions and tensions raised by the rest of the narrative or makes claim that are directly contradicted by the literary text its self (bad!)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 304) The significance of his point that â€Å"an observation is not a thesis means† because a thesis is usually an arguable piece of writing and in most cases factual and an observation is what is perceived by one at the moment meaning only you can base an opinion of what you just saw. In this paragraph Berube emphasizes his point on analyzing, summarizing, and sports talks. The above paragraph shows the author’s black and white thinking about his student’s papers. He believes that there are only two choices; one is the right choice and the other is not, deciding whether you sound right or not, â€Å"I simply know an A paper when I see one.† Audience of Berube’s essay could be anyone, but most likely his students. According to paragraph fifteen, he’s been using ESPN or sport talks as his source to compare it with his student’s essays. As I get to the end of the essay, I realized that Berube wasn’t able to answer his own question. But he was able to successfully compare analyzing and summarizing by giving easy and understandable reasons and resources.

Hong Kong Essays

Hong Kong Essays Hong Kong Essay Hong Kong Essay Essay Topic: Siddhartha Tao Te Ching Hong Kong covers a total area of 2 916 square kilometres of which only 1 061 kilometres of it is land the rest being surrounded by water. Rugged mountains and rolling hills cover much of beautiful Hong Kong. Some mountains rise more than 910 meters above sea level and 554 metres in other places. The rocky, indented coastlines of Hong Kongs islands and mainland provide many small harbours for fishing villages. Parts of Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong have been filled in with earth to create new land. Barren mountains separate the business districts of the Kowloon Peninsula from the farmland in the New Territories. Its estimated that around only 10 per cent of the land in Hong Kong is suitable for farming. Rice paddies and vegetable and flower fields are seen throughout the New Territories, crowded between areas of poor vegetation and rocky hillsides. An undersized river called the Sham Chun forms the border between Hong Kong and China. The land that is Hong Kong possesses a semitropical climate. The summers of the location are hot and humid, with temperatures reaching over 35 C. Hong Kong receives about 224 centimetres of rainfall each year with more than 75 per cent of the rain falling in summer. Rain in summer is a major cause to floods and unpredictable mudslides in Hong Kong. Winters are cool and dry, with the temperature scarcely ever falls below 4 C. Insufficient rainfall during the winter and other factors cause water shortages, resulting in Hong Kong buying millions of gallons of water from China each year. The temperature in Autumn occurring between September to December in Hong Kong reach just around  C with the humidity rising to 73%. Spring in March to May have an estimated temperature of 20i C with a humidity of 84% Hong Kong receives its tourists mainly in Autumn as its not too hot and not too cold. Flag When Hong Kong was handed back to China, Hong Kong then made their own flag instead of the Union Jack, now it has red background with the Bauhinia-flower on it. The Hong Kong flag is sometimes accompanied with the China flag, which also with a red background with one big yellow star and four other small yellow stars on it. Hong Kong flag China flag Population: The population of Hong Kong is around 6. 3 million people. Kowloon is home to 2. 2 million people, and Hong Kong Island is home to 1. 3 million people, and with the remaining 2. 8 million people living in the New Territories. Around 90% of people residing are Chinese. Most are immigrants from southern China or descendants of immigrants from that region. The relatively few non-Chinese residents in Hong Kong come from such places as Australia, Britain, India, Japan, America and Vietnam. Some people in China decide to immigrate to Hong Kong as they see it as a land of opportunity, with better careers, lifestyles and living conditions. The residents from other countries might come to Hong Kong for business and in result of this have started a family. Flora and Fauna: In Hong Kong there are very few fauna living in Hong Kong. Probably the most common fauna that you would be able to see in Hong Kong are cats and dogs. Another animal that you might see is monkeys that are from Monkey Hill coming out to look for food. The only other place that you would be able to see other animals is at the zoo. Fauna in Hong Kong are mostly trees and flowers. Trees and flowers include mangroves, fern trees, eucalyptus, Bauhinia-flower (which is on the Hong Kong flag) Bauhinia Blakeana, Bauhinia Variegata, Bauhinia Purpurea, Cassia Surattensis, Cassia Siamea, Cassia Fistula, Delonix Regia, Peltophorum Pterocarpum, Lagerstroemia Speciosa, Lagerstroemia Indica, Melaleuca Leucadendron, Callistemon Rigidus, Callistemon Uiminalis, Sweet Gum, Short Flowered Machilus and many more. Language: The official languages are Cantonese, Mandarin and English. English became an official language when Hong Kong was governed by the British during 1898 to 1997. Cantonese and Mandarin became official languages when China took back Hong Kong from the British. The shopkeepers in Hong Kong know English because of the tourists that are going to Hong Kong. In Hong Kong if you know English and you can speak English fluently it is considered to be a good thing as it would help you find a job there. Cantonese is the most widely spoken language in Hong Kong. Religion: The main religion in Hong Kong is Buddhism. But there are other religions such as Taoism, Christianity and many more. Buddhism was founded in the 6th or 7th century BC by the Sakyamunia Buddha who was born as Prince Siddhartha. Buddhism was originated in India and was brought into China. Taoism is the oldest religion in China, it was founded by Lao Tzu in 604BC. His teachings are contained in a book called Tao Te Ching. Taoism is based on a transcendence of worldly things, stressing harmony with, not dominance over, nature. In Hong Kong there are many Christians so there are many churches and cathedrals. The services are conducted in English or Chinese. Christianity was brought into Hong Kong by the early missionaries who used the port as a base for missions into China. Other religions include Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims and Jews. Daily Life: (School, Shopping, Foods, Games, the Arts, Entertainment, Leisure Activates, Celebrations and Festivals). School: In Hong Kong, all children are to go to school or they commit an offence, because it is part of the law that all children have to go to school. Children attending primary schools can choose to attend school in the morning or afternoon sessions. There are public schools, private schools, district schools, international schools, religious schools and catholic schools. In high school they go to school for the whole day just like us. Kindergarten is for children from 3-6 year old and they go there for 3 years. Primary school is for children from 6-12 year old and they go there for 6 years. High school is for children from 12-19 year old and they go there for 7 years. Hong Kongs most famous universities are the University of Hong Kong, founded in 1911 and has about 5 000 students attending. The other university is The Chinese University, founded in 1963 and has about 4 700 students attending. Shopping: Hong Kong is often seen as a shopping paradise where tourists and residents alike enjoy the purchasing of local and international labels at their fingertips. Numerous street markets line the roads of the city for cheap purchases of many different items. Some of the products that are offered on street markets include clothing items, ornaments, jewellery, watches, games and many more. One of the most popular street markets in Hong Kong is Temple Street Night Market. This street market is opened when the stars come out until late into the night. The Temple Street Night Market covers over three streets, splitting into three sections. . The things sold there are a mixture of cultural items such as Chinese style clothing to casual t- shirts. Games, toys, CDs, DVDs, electronics, paintings, sports gear and a lot of other things are included in the market. Food stalls are also set up near the market, attracting many hungry customers. The stalls there are mainly traditional Chinese style cuisines including that of fried rice, noodles, seafood and buns, just to name a few. One section of the Night Street Market is used for Chinese Opera, with singers singing old Chinese songs while acting. Its like theatre on the street. Just the sound of music playing attracts audience to sit and gather around to listen. Another well known place for shopping is Ladies Street Market which unlike the name suggests, sells a mixture of things. An assortment of clothing items, stuffed toys, beauty products, souvenirs, games, CDs, bags and many others. Many shoppers are seen bargaining for products to a reasonable price with the shop owners in this street market. In the Jade Market tourist are often attracted to the lovely jade that are there for sale. Central and Admiralty are famous for luxury shopping, bustling with designer labels and mega malls such as Time Square, The Landmark and Pacific Place. Designer stores such as Louis Vuitton, Chanel, Gucci and Dior have franchise stores in both Central and Admiralty as well as in the mega malls.

Seedfolks Reflection Essay Example

Seedfolks Reflection Essay Example Seedfolks Reflection Paper Seedfolks Reflection Paper ENG 1301-50047 30 October 2011 Reflection ESSAY Young and dumb â€Å"There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle. † ? Albert Einstein; a quote that really hit home when thinking back on â€Å"Maricela† a story from the novel Seedfolks by Paul Fleishman. Maricela’s outlook on life went from being negative to positive, although it took time for her to realize the bigger picture her tone took a drastic turn from being suicidal and irrational to honored, during her pregnancy. In the beginning of Maricela’s story she is very selfish and regretful for being only six-teen years old and pregnant, she is worried she will no longer live a normal teenage life which consist of dating and going to parties. Later in her story she comes to her sense’s and starts to realize the bigger picture, after meeting an instructor from a teenage pregnancy program her high school offers ,that helps her become optimistic and understand the true meaning of having a baby. The story of Maricela is of a girl who is going through a difficult time in her life as a teenager, not only is she a pregnant six-teen year old girl which is looked down upon by many but she Is also Mexican. In Maricelas eyes being Mexican is a hard thing to be proud of in her neighborhood, as stated in the text â€Å"I’m a Mexican, pregnant sixteen-year-old. So shoot me and get it over with. I wouldn’t actually care if you did. In a way I’m already dead† (pg. 67). Such harsh words to come from a mother to be, the baby is nothing but a burden to her, it’s almost as if she feels the baby is taking her life away as if she is â€Å"dead already†. Maricela is regretful and pessimistic because she can no longer live the life she lived before the baby was a reality, she narrates, â€Å"I used to be really, really hot. Because of the baby I’m as fat as a wrestler, I dropped out, I’ve been to exactly zero parties, and I’ve been asked out exactly zero times†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 67). Obviously through her text she states that dating boys and going to parties is her priority, not focusing on the fact she is pregnant. Later, Maricela joins a pregnancy program her high school offers that helps teenage girls understand and helps them with they’re day to day needs, like rides to the doctor and help with GED assistance. For example, she states, â€Å"Three of us from high school got into a program for pregnant teens. They give you rides to the doctor and help with getting your G. E. D. at home† (pg. 67). During the time she’s attending the assistance program, she starts to deal with the fact that she is pregnant, although she is not yet accepting she is taking the proper steps with seeking the assistance. While attending the program, Penny the instructor had come across the community garden. With the garden Penny had the idea to get the three pregnant teenagers involved to help them better understand life. As said, â€Å"Except that Penny, the woman we see, saw the community garden and got the program its own spot, to give us practice taking care of something and to let us witness â€Å"the miracle of life. †Ã¢â‚¬ (pg. 67 -68) Although Maricela didn’t understand or appreciate the garden she still happen to meet a African -American lady by the name of Leona, a lady in which Maricela found comfort in. Maricela was able to talk to Leona because she understood that Maricela did not want to be pregnant. For example, she narrates, â€Å"She knew I didn’t want to be pregnant. I could talk to her about it. †(pg. 71) Finally, in the end Maricela had grown to understand the true meaning of life and being pregnant is bigger than her life its self, bigger than dating and partying. Therefore her outlook on life had made a complete turnaround, from regretful and negative to being honored and positive. She was now finally proud to be mothering a new life to this world, and realizes life never stops, it’s an ongoing cycle. As said in the text,†An old man near us was slowly picking cucumbers, like nothing had happned. † Whole city shuts down, but the garden just keeps going. † Leona said. †(pg. 72) In Paul Fleischman’s novel Seedfolks, a story of a teenage girl by the name of Maricela, overcomes adversity and changes her thought process from negative to positive. She relizes she is apart of a bigger meaning, she is apart of the cycle of life.

John F. Kennedy and PT-109 in WWII

John F. Kennedy and PT-109 in WWII PT-109 was an 80-ft. patrol torpedo boat used by the US Navy during World War II. Commanded by Lt. John F. Kennedy, it was sunk by the destroyer Amagiri on August 2, 1943.   After the loss of PT-109, Kennedy went to great lengths to have his crew rescued. Nation: United StatesType: Patrol Torpedo BoatShipyard: Elco - Bayonne, NJLaid Down: March 4, 1942Launched: June 20, 1942Fate: Sunk August 2, 1943 Specifications Displacement: 56 tonsLength: 80 ft.Beam: 20 ft. 8 in.Draft: 3 ft. 6 in.Speed: 41 knotsComplement: 12-14 men Armament 4 x 21 torpedo tubes ( 4 x Mark VIII torpedoes)4 x .50 cal. machines guns1 x 20 mm cannon1 x 37 mm cannon Design Construction PT-109 was laid down on March 4, 1942, in Bayonne, NJ. Built by the Electric Launch Company (Elco), the boat was the seventh vessel in the 80-ft. PT-103-class. Launched on June 20, it was delivered to the US Navy the following month and fitted out at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Possessing a wooden hull constructed of two layers of mahogany planking, PT-109 could achieve speeds of 41 knots and was powered by three 1,500 hp Packard engines. Driven by three propellers, PT-109 mounted a series of mufflers on the transom to reduce engine noise and allow the crew to detect enemy aircraft. Typically manned by a crew of 12 to 14, PT-109s main armament consisted of four 21-inch torpedo tubes which utilized Mark VIII torpedoes. Fitted two to a side, these were swung outboard before firing. In addition, PT boats of this class possessed a 20 mm Oerlikon cannon aft for use against enemy aircraft as well as two swivel mounts with twin .50-cal. machine guns near the cockpit. Completing the vessels armament were two Mark VI depth charges which were placed forward of the torpedo tubes. After work was complete in Brooklyn, PT-109 was dispatched to Motor Torpedo Boat (MTB) Squadron 5 in Panama. Operational History Arriving in September 1942, PT-109s service in Panama proved brief as it was ordered to join MTB 2 in the Solomon Islands a month later. Embarked aboard a cargo ship, it arrived at Tulagi Harbor in late November. Joining Commander Allen P. Calverts MTB Flotilla 1, PT-109 began operating from the base at Sesapi and conducted missions intended to intercept the ships of the Tokyo Express, which were delivering Japanese reinforcements during the Battle of Guadalcanal. Commanded by Lieutenant Rollins E. Westholm, PT-109 first saw combat on the night of December 7-8. Attacking a group of eight Japanese destroyers, PT-109 and seven other PT boats succeeded in forcing the enemy to withdraw. Over the next several weeks, PT-109 took part in similar operations in the region as well as conducted attacks against Japanese shore targets. During such an attack on January 15, the boat came under fire from enemy shore batteries and was holed three times. On the night of February 1-2, PT-109 took part in a large engagement involving 20 Japanese destroyers as the enemy worked to evacuate forces from Guadalcanal. With the victory on Guadalcanal, Allied forces began the invasion of the Russell Islands in late February. During these operations, PT-109 aided in escorting transports and provided security offshore. Amid the fighting in early 1943, Westholm became the flotilla operations officer and left Ensign Bryant L. Larson in command of PT-109. Larsons tenure was brief and he left the boat on April 20. Four days later, Lieutenant (junior grade) John F. Kennedy was assigned to command PT-109. The son of prominent politician and businessman Joseph P. Kennedy, he arrived from MTB 14 in Panama. Under Kennedy Through the next two months, PT-109 conducted operations in the Russell Islands in support of the men ashore. On June 16, the boat, along with several others, moved to an advanced base on Rendova Island. This new base became a target of enemy aircraft and  on August 1, 18 bombers struck. The raid sunk two PT boats and disrupted operations. Despite the attack, a force of fifteen PT boats was assembled in response to intelligence that five Japanese destroyers would be conducting a run from Bougainville to Vila, Kolombangara Island that night. Prior to departing, Kennedy ordered a 37 mm gun field mounted on the boat. Deploying in four sections, PT-159 was the first to make contact with the enemy and attacked in concert with PT-157. Expending their torpedoes, the two boats withdrew. Elsewhere, Kennedy patrolled without incident until spotting firing along the south shore of Kolombangara. Rendezvousing with PT-162 and PT-169, he soon received orders to maintain their normal patrol. Due east of Ghizo Island, PT-109 turned south and led the three-boat formation. Moving through the Blackett Straits, the three PT boats were spotted by the Japanese destroyer Amagiri. Turning to intercept, Lieutenant Commander Kohei Hanami bore down on the American boats at high speed. Spotting the Japanese destroyer at about 200-300 yards, Kennedy attempted to turn to starboard preparatory to firing torpedoes. Too slow, PT-109 was rammed and cut in half by Amagiri. Though the destroyer suffered minor damage, it safely returned to Rabaul, New Britain the following morning while the surviving PT boats fled the scene. Thrown into the water, two of PT-109s crew were killed in the collision. As the forward half of the boat remained afloat, the survivors clung to it until daylight. Rescue Aware that the forward section would soon sink, Kennedy had a float fashioned using a timber from the 37 mm gun mount. Placing badly burned Machinists Mate 1/c Patrick MacMahon and two non-swimmers aboard the float, the survivors succeeded in evading Japanese patrols and landed on uninhabited Plum Pudding Island. Over the next two nights, Kennedy and Ensign George Ross unsuccessfully attempted to signal patrolling PT boats with a salvaged battle lantern. With their provisions exhausted, Kennedy moved the survivors to nearby Olasana Island which possessed coconuts and water. Seeking additional food, Kennedy and Ross swam to Cross Island where they found some food and a small canoe. Using the canoe, Kennedy came into contact with two local islanders but was unable to get their attention. These proved to be Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, who had been dispatched by Sub Lieutenant Arthur Reginald Evans, an Australian coastwatcher on Kolombangara, who had seen PT-109 explode after the collision with Amagiri. On the night of August 5, Kennedy took the canoe into the Ferguson Passage to try to contact a passing PT boat. Unsuccessful, he returned to find Gasa and Kumana meeting with the survivors. After convincing the two men that they were friendly, Kennedy gave them two messages, one written on a coconut husk, to take to the coastwatchers at Wana Wana. The next day, eight islanders returned with instructions to take Kennedy to Wana Wana. After leaving supplies for the survivors, they transported Kennedy to Wana Wana where he made contact with PT-157 in the Ferguson Passage. Returning to Olasana that evening, Kennedys crew was ferried to the PT boat and transported to Rendova. For his efforts to rescue his men, Kennedy was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. With Kennedys political ascent after the war, the story of PT-109 became well known and was the subject of a feature film in 1963. When asked how he became a war hero, Kennedy replied, It was involuntary. They sank my boat. The wreck of PT-109 was discovered in May 2002 by noted underwater archaeologist and oceanographer Dr. Robert Ballard.

History and World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History and World War II - Essay Example Many could feel the changes coming after the war. African Americans had made considerable contributions to the war effort despite being limited to black battalions in the Army, and ship’s wards in the navy (servants). They felt (and rightly so) that they had earned an equal place in American Society. The return of soldiers was different dependent based upon race. Initially, in the cities, integration naturally occurred. Different races lived and worked side by side. That quickly changed with white families moving to the newly built suburbs and black families moving into the cities to be closer to factory jobs. In essence, society re-segregated itself. â€Å"Class based spatial segregation, which has risen since 1970, is magnified by racial discrimination.† The black poor neighborhoods felt a disproportionate amount of economic pain and discrimination. What the African Americans wanted most was equal economic and social status. Although written before the Great War, the following quote sums up the feelings of the African American community post World War Two: â€Å"A man who is good enough to shed his blood for the country is good enough to be given a square deal afterward. More than that no man is entitled to and no less than that no man shall have. Theodore Roosevelt, Springfield, Illinois July 4th, 1903†. The United States military quickened the process of social equity in this country. Franklin Roosevelt signed an order in 1941 prohibiting discrimination in defense industries. Harry Truman ordered desegregation in the military in 1948. ... They felt (and rightly so) that they had earned an equal place in American Society. The return of soldiers was different dependent based upon race. Initially, in the cities, integration naturally occurred. Different races lived and worked side by side4. That quickly changed with white families moving to the newly built suburbs and black families moving into the cities to be closer to factory jobs. In essence society re-segregated itself. "Class based spatial segregation, which has risen since 1970, is magnified by racial discrimination."5 The black poor neighborhoods felt a disproportionate amount of economic pain and discrimination. What the African Americans wanted most was equal economic and social status.6 Although written before the Great War, the following quote sums up the feelings of the African American community post World War Two: "A man who is good enough to shed his blood for the country is good enough to be given a square deal afterward. More than that no man is entitled to and no less than that no man shall have. Theodore Roosevelt, Springfield, Illinois July 4th 1903".7 The United States military quickened the process of social equity in this country. Franklin Roosevelt signed an order in 1941 prohibiting discrimination in defense industries.8 Harry Truman ordered desegregation in the military in 1948. Dwight D. Eisenhower sent troops to ensure desegregation of Central High School in little Rock Arkansas. With the military and Federal Government in the lead the rest of the country slowly followed toward ending social inequities. 3. Politics and the Economy. World War I introduced the United States as a world power and World War II certainly solidified its position in global politics. Prior to World War Two the United States was

2. The Semantics of 'I' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2. The Semantics of 'I' - Essay Example fore I am) which implies that one’s consciousness, set of thoughts or thinking or ability to doubt would give proof of his own existence because of the ‘I’ or ego that conceives it (The Meditations). The argument is a representational development in response to Meditation I and indicates that one’s own existence is certain only within a first-person context, exclusive of any other existences beyond this point. It does not also state the necessity for existence, except the principle that if someone thinks, then he exists necessarily. â€Å"I am, I exist†Ã¢â‚¬â€proposition follows as the third in support of the main argument (Cogito). It would, however, only hold true in effect as it is preferred to be entertained by being deceived and having thoughts whether to accept deception in mind or not. From here, a stronger basis for truths is then established with absolute certainty. Descartes had sought to conclude that ‘I’ is a thinking thing or something that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, and makes use of sensory perceptions which goes well beyond defining within explicit limitations (Meditations). The evidence shown herewith through his wax example may then draw his recognition in which ‘I’, though could possibly exist without a body, cannot be separate or wholly distinct, as a thinking entity, from the body. In the case of bundle theory of the self on the other hand, David Hume had rather asserted, in the absence of identity, that objects are a bundle of their properties, which in relation to the mind applies the common logic in the sense that an individual is a product of his thoughts and experiences (Droar). He was, nevertheless, unable to come up with his version of an entity or the ‘I’ that any normal rationale considers as fundamental in collecting or holding the bundles. While Hume, after a period of contemplation, admitted to have employed â€Å"looking within† only to find out a series of perceptions, the medium or the idea necessary to

The Brooklyn Museum of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Brooklyn Museum of Art - Essay Example It seems that the grey balanced against the purple color works to express a sort of bland, yet unique perspective on reality. One of the most thought provoking notions in the context of this work is the depiction of the artist’s inner feelings. One considers that poetry functions to articulate ideas and feelings that prose is not able to capture. In terms of this painting, it’s clear that the color imagery is able to depict aspects of the human condition that other modes of expression are not able to capture. While the nature of the individual artist’s feelings and unique world perspective is visible in the first work observed, the second work furthers the notion of the articulation of an individual’s interaction with the world. III. no title, 1960. As witnessed in this work, two spectres of most conceivably human figures are depicted. In addition to articulating aspects of the human experience that perhaps couldn’t be articulated in other artistic mediums, this painting expands the human perception of reality. In these regards, simply viewing this work functions to create a sense of feeling or emotion. This way the painting or artists work expands the perspectives on reality, and highlights that which is beautiful in the human experience. The painting itself seems to rely on crisp yet abstract design to illustrate a similar mental state. The image in the background also appears to be melding into the background, just as one might imagine a long lost memory or spectre of experience to do. When considering the visit to the Brooklyn Museum of Art from an overarching perspective, it’s clear the experience was highly enlightening. I would definitely recommend that other people visit the museum and have this experience as it... In this essay, the author makes some analysis of this museum experience. He shows us the paintings which were created when Hesse was at a young age, being only twenty-four years old. While the paintings are unnamed, there are identified through Roman Numerals. In these regards, the first painting in the exhibit that I spent time examining was IV. The writer describes some works of Art, share with his opinion, urges to visit the museum. He understands this painting is the connection between furthered understanding of the idea of the human through art. It seems that this work has no hidden message, but functions as a means of articulating the artist’s mood. It seems that the grey balanced against the purple color works to express a sort of bland, yet unique perspective on reality. When considering the visit to the Brooklyn Museum of Art from an overarching perspective, it’s clear the experience was highly enlightening. Hedefinitely recommend that other people visit the museum and have this experience as it presents a number of learning opportunities. In addition to the Spectres exhibit, the museum contains a wide variety of contemporary and ancient art. For instance, the ancient Egyptian artifacts were exciting to see simply for their age. In all the expansive nature of the museum grants the visitor a great perspective on culture and art. Abundant evidence that the author are impressed and very happy to to the museum.

Resarch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Resarch - Essay Example By conducting the operation against one of their own, it points to the facts that police forces selected to uphold the law are the same individuals involved in syndicate crime as the operations are always targeted to breaking major syndicate crimes which have been going on in a department or organization for some period of time without being discovered (Moore 402). In addition, the officer right to privacy has been infringed by placing him in the middle of a sting operation to weed out the corrupt elements or individuals from the force. Though, it is right for the police department to be overseen by other departments conducting a sting operations point to the weaknesses present in the judicial system and executive oversight committee of the police therefore discrediting the police department as one that should uphold justice and protect the citizens. Moreover, the sting operation shows the challenges faced by the police and Federal officer’s department in maintaining balance b etween accountability and oversight department (Moore

Commercial law - case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commercial law - case study - Essay Example As such, there is no completed contract between Wendy and Fantastic Furniture Auctioneers. In my opinion, since there is no completed contract of sale between Wendy and Fantastic Furniture Auctioneers, there is then no contractual liability incurred by the latter for the expenses and losses of Wendy. â€Å"(1) Any person, firm or corporation who knowingly makes or publishes or causes to be made or published in the course of business as an auctioneer any representation or statement which is false or misleading in any material particular, in relation to any lot put up for sale at an auction sale, whether as to the value, composition, structure, description, character or quality, date, manufacture, or origin of that lot or otherwise, commits an offence. â€Å"(2) It shall be a defence to a charge for an offence against this section of which the making or publication of a false or misleading representation or statement is an ingredient to prove that the accused believed on reasonable grounds that the representation or statement was not false or misleading. As applied to the given facts, therefore, Fantastic Furniture Auctioneers incur liability under Section 24 (2) of the Auction Sales Act for misrepresentation as to the date of the auction. However, it is entitled to interpose the defence that the alleged â€Å"representation or statement was not false or misleading.† The first issue under this item is the effect of Sallys yelling that her bid is withdrawn right before the hammer fell. The second issue is the effect of Sallys withdrawal, assuming it is valid, on the bid of Sam. â€Å"(2) A sale by auction is complete when the auctioneer announces its completion by the fall of the hammer or in other customary manner: until such announcement is made any bidder may retract his bid.† As applied to the facts, Section 60, subsection (2) is the rule governing the issue on the effect of Sallys yelling that her bid is withdrawn right before the

The impact of advertising on children and youth Thesis

The impact of advertising on children and youth - Thesis Example Advertising through media options have often been argued, mostly in the negative connotation, to strongly influence the children and youth. Correspondingly, whether media exposure has been one of the major contributory factors towards the degrading social contexts, especially within the segment comprising of children and youth, has been a commonly debated issue in the global plethora (Villani, 2001). Where scientists accuse these media advertising to influence the psychological as well as the physical growth of the children and the youth, socialists argue 21st century advertising to encourage violence within the society. Stating precisely, obesity, learning behavior of children and youth, lifestyle preferences of these populaces and on the whole the development of these individuals have been widely argued as strongly influenced by advertising in the recent phenomenon (Wiecha and Kim, 2013; Kunkel et. al., 2004). Where on one hand, the significance of advertising has increased in the industrial context; on the other hand, social issues such as school drop-outs, teenage pregnancy rate, violent acts performed by young adolescents as well as obesity has also increased. Hence, researchers have often been inclined towards examining any possible linkage between these alterations in the industrial and the social contexts which has, in major instances, led to the classification of advertising as a negative force in this context. It is worth mentioning in this context that advertising is applied with the sole intention to generate awareness amid the targeted audiences. However, when concentrating on the impacts caused by advertising on the children and youth, either positive or negative, it can be observed that not the intention but the contents of advertising tend to impose major influences on these populaces (Diaz, 2011). Apparently, owing to the fact that a majority of the audiences of media today comprises children or youth, it becomes quite challenging to exclude th ese populaces from the audience group even though the message conveyed through the advertising is actually intended towards other age group people. Role of parental guidance has also been argued in this context which is expected to obstruct the negative influences caused by advertising on the adolescents. However, studies conducted with emphasis on this particular aspect, yet lack precise connotation to the linkage or the impact caused by advertising on children and youth along with the limitation of rational judgments on the role of family as well as the advertisers to combat such an issue (The Australian Psychological Society, 2000). This thesis will be aimed at assessing the linkage between advertising initiatives through television, internet as well as print media and the development of children and youth from a social perspective taking into account the various measures recently adopted by governmental bodies, industrial communities as well as social organizations. With this ai m, the thesis will critically evaluate the psychological as well as the physical impacts caused by advertising on the populaces (i.e. the children and youth) suggesting few remedial actions based on the identified benefits and risks associated with such media exposures. Advertising to the Young Audiences Advertising to the young audiences, that is to the children and the youth has been proved to be quite beneficial for the advertising industry throughout the globe. It has been apparently observed in this similar circumstance that the advertising industry spends nearly about $12 billion per year on making advertisements particularly targeting to the

Commercial law - case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commercial law - case study - Essay Example As such, there is no completed contract between Wendy and Fantastic Furniture Auctioneers. In my opinion, since there is no completed contract of sale between Wendy and Fantastic Furniture Auctioneers, there is then no contractual liability incurred by the latter for the expenses and losses of Wendy. â€Å"(1) Any person, firm or corporation who knowingly makes or publishes or causes to be made or published in the course of business as an auctioneer any representation or statement which is false or misleading in any material particular, in relation to any lot put up for sale at an auction sale, whether as to the value, composition, structure, description, character or quality, date, manufacture, or origin of that lot or otherwise, commits an offence. â€Å"(2) It shall be a defence to a charge for an offence against this section of which the making or publication of a false or misleading representation or statement is an ingredient to prove that the accused believed on reasonable grounds that the representation or statement was not false or misleading. As applied to the given facts, therefore, Fantastic Furniture Auctioneers incur liability under Section 24 (2) of the Auction Sales Act for misrepresentation as to the date of the auction. However, it is entitled to interpose the defence that the alleged â€Å"representation or statement was not false or misleading.† The first issue under this item is the effect of Sallys yelling that her bid is withdrawn right before the hammer fell. The second issue is the effect of Sallys withdrawal, assuming it is valid, on the bid of Sam. â€Å"(2) A sale by auction is complete when the auctioneer announces its completion by the fall of the hammer or in other customary manner: until such announcement is made any bidder may retract his bid.† As applied to the facts, Section 60, subsection (2) is the rule governing the issue on the effect of Sallys yelling that her bid is withdrawn right before the

All I really need to know I Learned in Kindergarten Essay Example for Free

All I really need to know I Learned in Kindergarten Essay I can remember my mother telling me for a few weeks before the first day how wonderful school was going to be and how I would meet loads of new friends. She also told me that the other kids are going to be scared just like I was. Turning five years old, and knowing that it was time for me to begin school already, was really very scary. The thought of waking up early and going to school and not being with my mom all morning made me feel sick to my stomach, but I just had to suck it up and go. The first day of kindergarten I was sad but also excited at the same time because I was going to meet new friends and I was going to get to play with them during recess. I remember walking into school with my new back pack; they were the ones that had to two little wheels on it so you wouldnt have to carry it. As I was getting dropped off and hearing my mom telling me bye I started to cry. Being really close to my mom I didnt want her to leave me there all alone. So we walked in together and she told me that I was going to be all right. My mom and my new teacher, Mrs. Fossum were having a hard time getting me to stay there. After they saw that I wouldnt stay, my mom had to stay there with me thru out that whole day. As the first day went on I was making a bunch of friends with my new classmates. When the second day came I wanted my mom to stay at school but I realized that she had to go to work. After she had left I saw a table that had some crayons and some paper on it, so I ventured over to it and stood by the seat watching to see if anyone was going to stop me from drawing. No one came so I took a seat, a piece of paper, and of course a blue coloring pencil just like the one I had at home and started to draw. When the other children saw that I was already hard at work with my drawing, which somewhat looked like a cow, they came and sat down with me. Even the child that didn’t want to leave his father noticed me and came over and started to draw. The little boy started to ask me questions and once he started then everyone started to include me into their group. I learned at a young age that I was not very comfortable meeting new people and doing thing on my own. My mother realized that Mitchell School system was too big of a school for my type of personality and that I do better when I don’t have to adapt to much change.

Analysis of Air France KLM

Analysis of Air France KLM Air France-KLM is an international airline company and a member of the Skyteam airline partnership. The Group was created on May 5, 2004, following Air Frances combination with KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (KLM), thereby forming the worlds largest airline group by turnover and second largest worldwide cargo operator in terms of revenue-tonne kilometers. The Group organizes its networks around two major hubs: Paris-CDG and Amsterdam-Schiphol. The Companys three main businesses are passenger transportation, cargo operations and industrial maintenance. The Group counts more than 100,000 employees throughout the world. Passenger transport is the Groups main business, with 74.8 million passengers carried (2007-08 financial year), a fleet in operation of 607 aircraft on 31 March 2008 and 258 destinations worldwide. The majority of the employees are based in France and the Netherlands. Both Air France and KLM continue to operate flights under their distinct brand names as subsidiaries of Air Fr ance-KLM. Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction AIR FRANCE KLM AIR FRANCE KLM is the combination of two big airlines such as Air France and KLM. Since their merger in 2004, KLM works closely with Air France within the AIR FRANCE KLM holding company. In terms of financial turnover, AIR FRANCE KLM is the worlds largest airline partnership; it also transports the most passengers and is the worlds second-largest cargo transporter. Air France and KLM carry  more than 71 million passengers per year. They operate more than  594 aircraft enabling them to fly to  236 destinations worldwide with 2,500 daily flights. The two airlines world networks can be combined, forming a vast network organized around the two major hubs of Amsterdam-Schiphol and Paris-CDG. The head offices are located at Amstelveen and Paris. Alitalia In January 2009 AIR FRANCE KLM and Alitalia reached an agreement to strengthen their partnership cemented by AIR FRANCE KLM taking a minority stake in Alitalia. This agreement will give AIR FRANCE KLM greater access to the Italian market. SkyTeam Alliance Air France and KLM are members of the SkyTeam alliance. SkyTeam is a global airline alliance which includes Aeroflot, Aeromà ©xico, AirEuropa, Air France, Alitalia, China Southern Airlines,  CSA Czech Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Kenya Airways, KLM, Korean Air (including Northwest Airlines), Tarom and Vietnam Airlines. Through one of the worlds most extensive hub networks, SkyTeam offers its  384 million annual passengers a worldwide system of more than 13,000 daily flights to all major destinations. Income Over the fiscal year 2009-2010 the turnover of Air France-KLM was 20.9 billion euros. Together, the two airlines have over 107.000 employees. For more information on AIRFRANCE KLM Finance, please  go to www.airfranceklm-finance.com. Shares The Air France-KLM shares are listed in Amsterdam, Paris and New York. Aim Air France-KLM comprises a holding company which controls two airlines, Air France and KLM, each of which retains its own separate identity and brands. The group is the worlds largest air transport group in terms of revenue, second largest in terms of air traffic (in passenger-km) and cargo (ton freight-km), and third largest in terms of maintenance revenue. Both airlines run their own operations from their respective hubs Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Amsterdam-Schiphol. Passengers Passenger transport is the largest of the groups three core businesses, generating around 80% of its revenues (as of 31 March 2008), with 74.8 million passengers carried. Cargo Cargo was the first fully-integrated commercial activity at Air France-KLM in 2005. Client companies now have a single point of entry, and a full, simplified offering with flights departing from both hubs and benefiting from both networks. Air France-KLM Cargo ranks first worldwide among air freight carriers (excluding integrators). Maintenance The combination of Air France Industries and KLM Engineering Maintenance allows the group to offer a comprehensive range of aircraft maintenance and overhaul services with complementary areas of specialization. Maintaining the two fleets accounts for two-thirds of the groups maintenance operations, further supplemented by maintenance repair and overall (MRO) operations for 150 third-party airlines. Company Background Air France According to (KLM, 2010), the company was set up on 7 October 1933. Its history has been marked by several major milestones, including the holding acquired in the capital of UTA in January 1990 and the merger with Air Inter in 1997. In June 2000, Air France and Delta Air Lines joined forces with Aeromà ©xico and Korean Air to launch the Sky Team alliance. Air Frances main hub at Paris-Charles de Gaulle is Europes number one in terms of connecting opportunities. KLM As cited in (KLM, 2010), KLM was set up on 7 October 1919 and is the oldest airline still operating under its original name. Its recent history has been characterized by the creation of a joint venture with Northwest Airlines (NWA) in 1989 and its acquisition of the holding of Kenya Airways in 1996. KLM has Amsterdam Airport Schiphol as its home base. Since May 2004, Air France and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines have become the largest European airline group: one group, two airlines, and three businesses. Each airline has retained its individual identity, trade name and brand SWOT Analysis Mullins (2007) explained that, in order to evaluate the nature of the business environment and its strategic capability an organization may undertake a SWOT analysis focuses on Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats facing the organization. STRENGTHS Strengths are those positive aspects or distinctive attributes or competencies which provide a significant market advantage or upon which the organization can build. Against a backdrop of increased Liberalization which serves to intensify competition, the profitable growth strategy plays to the groups strengths, the following are the air France KLM group strengths. A modern fleet the groups chief asset Guaranteeing energy and economic efficiency and greater safety levels, the groups aircraft fleet is its chief asset when it comes to meeting the challenges of sustainable development. The dual Roissy Schiphol hub and a balanced network The Air France and KLM route networks complement each other extremely well. The dual hub concept is central to group strategy and is designed to make the most of this. The benefit of dual brand strategy Air France and KLM took an original approach to the merger, choosing to retain the two brands while developing a unified strategy. Air France and KLM each enjoy strong brand identities and are extremely complementary. Enhanced competitiveness thanks to cost control To maintain its competitiveness, the group launched Challenge 10,designed to save 1.4 billion euros by 2009-10, through a 3% cut in unit costs. The plan is four-pronged: Process optimization and productivity gains; Fleet modernization, which will generate fuel and maintenance cost savings; Purchasing, and optimizing group synergies; External distribution costs. The development of high growth areas The groups ambition is to seize growth opportunities in countries driving global economic growth, mainly Brazil, Russia, India and China. In the years ahead, the Air France-KLM group plans to grow by 4.7% per year in terms of available seat-km on its long-haul network. WEAKNESSES Weaknesses are those negative aspects or deficiencies in the present competencies or resources of the organization, or its image or reputation, which limit its effectiveness and needed to be corrected to minimize their effect. International economic instability Faced with soaring oil prices, international economic instability, and signs of waning demand, air transport has entered a period of great uncertainty. Our Group can count on its strategic assets, the quality of its fuel hedging and its resolute policy of cost control to meet this challenging period of turbulence and low visibility OPPORTUNITIES Opportunities are favorable conditions and usually arise from the nature of changes in the external environment. The organization needs to be sensitive to the problems of business strategy and responsive to changes. Sustained demands In an increasingly global society, the demand for mobility is also increasing. Air transport is a key factor in a countrys economy. Over the last 20 years, air transport has grown twice as quickly as gross domestic product (GDP). In 2008, the rapid development of emerging countries is stimulating growth in Latin America, the Middle East and Asia. This will compensate for the slowdown in the US economy. As for the future, IATA forecasts an increase in global capacity of around 5% per year by 2011. A key contribution to the economy Air transport carries over 2 billion passengers annually. Tons of cargo shipped by air each year represent 35% of the total value of export trade in manufactured goods. By connecting people, businesses and goods around the world, air transport makes an essential contribution to global economic activity. Both directly and as a promoter of growth in other industries. THREATS Threats are the converse of opportunities and refer to unfavorable situations that arise from external developments likely to endanger the operations and effectiveness of the organization. Air France KLM like any other organizations is faced with a number of threats, these includes Increased pressure Growth in European low-cost carriers has been strong for some years and Middle Eastern carriers are planning considerable expansion: Gulf carriers plan 20% seat growth per year for the next three years. This represents stiff competition for European airlines on traffic between Europe and Asia or Australia. Development limited by infrastructures Europe is experiencing air traffic congestion, leading to significant delays, increased costs and CO2 emissions. This is partly a result of the fragmentation of airspace and of the air traffic control process. There is considerable room for improvement. For 10 million flights a year, it is estimated that the actual route flown is 5% longer than ideal. For some routes, such as Amsterdam-Zà ¼rich, it is even 20%. The annual cost of fragmented European skies is estimated at 3.4 billion euros. A sector subject to heavier taxation Air transport is subject to strict regulation, mainly regarding security, safety and infrastructure. The sector is also subject to high charges, among them airport or navigation charges, plus dedicated fees to finance security. Moreover, air transport is the only means of transport to finance soundproofing measures, as it does in numerous European countries. Climate change awareness General awareness of the reality of climate change continued to increase in 2007. This was coupled with local environmental constraints that have always affected air transport activities. Air transport accounts for between 2 and 3% of all man-made CO2 emissions. In Europe, its relative contribution will increase due to growth in traffic and the expected reduction of emissions in other industries. In the past 40 years, the sector has made considerable progress, reducing CO2 emissions per passenger by more than 70%. Summary In spite of its merger Air France KLM is still operating under its identity and brand name with their home bases located at Amsterdam airport Schiphol for KLM and Paris-Charles de Gaulle for Air France. The main core duties of the airline are to transport passengers, cargo and engineering and maintenance. As any other organization Air France KLM has the opportunities to grow much bigger and become the first largest airline company in the world. One group, two airlines, three businesses. CHAPTER 2 Organisational structure The pattern of relationship between various positions in the organization and among members of the organization is referred as structure. Organization is essentially a group of people with a common objective or goal to archive. The structure can either be formal i.e. documented or informal i.e. unofficial. Mullins (2007) defined, Organization Structure as the division of work among members of the organization, and the co ordination of their activities so they are directed towards the goals and objectives of the organization. It is the relationships among positions in the organization and among members of the organization. It makes possible the application of process of management and creates a framework of order and command through which the activities of the organization can be planned, organized, directed, and controlled. It defines tasks and responsibilities, work role and relationships, and channels of communication. Essentially there are various types of organizational structures depending on the nature of organization, such as centralized, complex, stratified and formalized structures. An effective structure is the one that coordinates various parts of the organization and different work areas. Meanwhile the structure of the organization can either be tall i.e. with a long hierarchical chain of command where the freedom and responsibility of the subordinates is restricted or flat i.e. with a short chain of command, there is more effective between management and workers but employees may have more than one manager. However both of two structures above are highly affected by the number of employees who reports direct to a certain manager that is Span of Control. Hellriegel et al (1998) explained that span of control refers to the number of employees reporting directly to one manager. When the span of control is broad, relatively few levels exists between the top and bottom of the organization. Co nversely when the span of control is narrow, more levels are required for the same number of employees. Although there is no correct number of subordinates that a manager can supervise effectively, the competencies of both the manager and employees, the similarity of tasks being supervised and the extent of rules and operating standards all influence a managers span of control. Consider the Air France and KLM corporate and social responsibility (SCR) organization structure CHAPTER 3 Organisational culture According to Hellriegel et al (1998), the organization itself has an invisible quality a certain style, a character, a way of doing things that may be more powerful than the dictates of any one person or any formal system. To understand the soul of the organization requires that we travel below the charts, rule books, machines, and buildings into the underground world of corporate cultures. Indeed there are several ways in which organizational cultures are formed, maintained and changed. Meanwhile there is a very possible relationship between organizational culture and performance, the relationship between organizational culture and ethical behavior, the challenge of managing a culturally diverse work force and finally how organizations socialize individuals to their particular cultures. There are several types of organization cultures, these includes labels of baseball team, club, academy and fortress. Organizational culture represents a complex pattern of beliefs, expectations, id eas, values, attitudes and behaviors shared by the members of an organization. More specifically, organizational culture includes routine behaviors, norms, and dominant values held by organization. CHAPTER 4 -Leadership and management As Hellriegel et al (1998), leadership is the process whereby a person influences others to achieve a goal, i.e. is a process of creating a vision for others and having the power to translate the vision into reality. The ways in which leaders attempt to influence others depend in part of the power available to them and in part on their competencies. Leaders draw on five sources of power to influence the actions of others: legitimate, reward, coercive, referent and expert. Vision, empowerment, meaning through communication and self understanding are the competencies that help leaders become more effective. CHAPTER 5 Team working For example, after KLM and Air France merged, management decided to create teams of people from both companies to exchange information about particular topics. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢The most valuable part is the intangible part, teaming up the guy from IT with the CRM guy from marketing, with the network planning guy, who normally dont speak together, explained Groeneveld. CHAPTER 6 Resourcing Air France-KLM rates as the sector leader on human resources issues and actively addresses all of the challenges relevant to its business. The Groups reporting on social dialogue and the extent of collective bargaining illustrate a culture of interaction with trade unions on both working and employment conditions, all embedded in the Ethics and Social Rights Charter, signed with all of its European trade unions, and by a wide range of collective bargaining agreements. The group has also allocated significant means to limit the impacts of restructuring. In terms of career management, AF-KLM has put increased emphasis on developing careers for older employees. Extensive means are put in place to deal with health and safety issues, although key performance indicators are not disclosed on a group-wide basis, but separately for AF and KLM. AF-KLM is one of the few companies who show transparency on how to deal with atypical working hours. Overall, AF-KLMs performance on human resources is sues remains stable (far above average) compared to the last rating. Against the backdrop of the recent combination, tough competition and tight margins, the main labour relations issues for the group are to develop employability and staff mobility, primarily through training and proactive social dialogue. Other major issues for the group involve promoting non discrimination, diversity, and equal opportunities, and safeguarding health and safety in the workplace. CHAPTER 7 Communication skills Cook et al (1997) describes that, communication begins when one person sends a message to another with the intent of evoking a response. The effective communication occurs when the receiver interprets the message exactly as the sender intended. Effective communication is essential for the functioning of any organization. Managers need to transmit orders, and polices, build cooperation and team spirit, and identify problems and their solutions. CHAPTER 8 Performance and Motivation Armstrong M (2006) defined, a motive is a reason for doing something. Motivation is concerned with the factors that influence people to behave in certain ways. All organizations are concerned with what should be done to achieve sustained high levels of performance through people. Giving close attention to the individuals can best be motivated through such means as incentives, rewards, leadership and importantly, the work they do and the organization context within which they carry out that work. Essentially motivation can take place in two ways; such as people can motivate themselves (intrinsic motivation) by seeking, finding and carrying out work that satisfies their needs and secondly people can be motivated by management (extrinsic motivation) through such methods as pay, praise, promotion and punishments such as disciplinary action CHAPTER 9 Management systems Earlier this year, Air France-KLM introduced a new combined executive management structure on a functional basis, replacing the separate management structures in Air France and KLM. In place of the Strategic Management Committee, which had supervised the development of Air France and KLM over 2004.2007, the business is being managed from 2007 through an Executive Committee whose members has a group level responsibility and can come from either Air France or KLM while retaining their responsibilities at a company level. The historic commitments of both companies, joint ambition and specific action plans CHAPTER 10 Management of change Hellriegel et al (1998) explained, many sectors of the economy, organizations must have the capacity to adapt quickly and effectively in order to survive. To a certain extent all organizations exist in a changing environment and are themselves constantly changing. Increasingly organizations that emphasize bureaucratic or mechanistic system are ineffective. Organizations with rigid hierarchies, high degrees of functional specialization, narrow and limited job descriptions, inflexible rules and procedures, and impersonal management cant respond adequately to demands for change. Organizations need designs that are flexible and adaptive. They also need systems that both require and allow greater commitment and use of talent on the part of employees and managers. Organisational change can be difficult and costly. Despite the challenges, many organizations successfully make needed changes. Adaptive, flexible organizations have a competitive advantage over rigid ones. Thus managing change has become a central focus of effective organization worldwide. There are so many pressures for change, these includes global market, the spread of information technology and computer networks and changes in the nature of the workforce employed by organizations.